How Are Cruise Missiles Launched from the Sea?
Cruise missiles are highly versatile weapons capable of being launched from various platforms, including surface vessels and submarines. Their launch mechanisms vary based on the type of platform they are deployed from. This article will explore the methods of launch for cruise missiles, focusing on both surface and submarine-based launchers.
Methods of Launch from Surface Vessels
Surface vessels typically use Vertical Launch Systems (VLS) for launching cruise missiles. VLS are highly efficient as they can be used to launch a variety of missiles, including surface-to-air and anti-ship missiles, in a rapid and reliable manner. These launchers are designed to fire missiles vertically, ensuring they gain the necessary altitude and speed for stable flight.
For rockets, the process begins with a solid fuel section that initiates the launch. This section propels the missile with a significant amount of speed, which is essential for maintaining stability during flight. Once the missile reaches a certain altitude and velocity, a cruise engine takes over, either a gas turbine or a liquid fuel rocket, to provide the necessary sustained flight power.
Submarine-Based Launch Methods
Submarines present unique challenges for launching cruise missiles, necessitating specialized launch systems. Large nuclear and ballistic missile submarines typically launch their missiles vertically through a missile launch tube. The missile remains vertically positioned within the tube until it achieves sufficient altitude and speed to transition to a horizontal flight path. This ensures the missile remains within the submarine's confines until it is securely in the air.
Smaller cruise missiles are often launched from torpedo tubes. These missiles are stored in a torpedo canister with a small engine. The canister is launched vertically from the submarine, and as it reaches the surface, it is angled to a convenient launch angle. Once at the surface, the canister is opened or broken at the front, allowing the solid fuel rocket to ignite and propel the missile to flight altitude.
In some cases, cruise missiles can be launched from the same vertical missile launch tubes used for other types of missiles. This is particularly relevant in submarines that are designed to carry both nuclear and cruise missiles. Each launch tube can carry up to four or more cruise missiles, making them highly flexible and adaptable to various military strategies.
Surface Ship Launch Mechanisms
Surface ships can employ similar launch methods as those used from land-based platforms. These systems generally consist of a vertical launch system that can launch a variety of missiles, including cruise missiles. The launch sequence begins with the solid fuel section igniting, which propels the missile out of the launch tube. The cruise engine then takes over, ensuring the missile is powered through its flight path.
Historical Context and Current Demand
The early days of cruise missile development saw missiles launched from surfaced submarines. Some submarines were equipped with external storage systems on the deck to hold missiles until they could be launched. Although many modern submarines can operate submerged for long periods, some may still require launching missiles while surfaced, especially for quick reaction scenarios.
Modern demand for cruise missiles has far outweighed the demand for nuclear ballistic missiles. This is due to the versatility and precision of cruise missiles, making them invaluable in a range of military and security operations. Submarines play a crucial role in providing these missiles with extended range and enhanced survivability, making them a significant asset in modern warfare.
Conclusion: The launch methods for cruise missiles from both surface vessels and submarines reflect the diverse and sophisticated nature of modern warfare. By understanding these launch mechanisms, we gain insight into the operational capabilities and strategic importance of these advanced weapons systems.