Vishnumaya and Ayyappa: Mythology, Cult and Worship in South India
The rich tapestry of Hindu mythology is filled with tales of divine figures and their intricate relationships. Among these, Vishnumaya (also known as Shasthappan) and Ayyappa (often referred to as Shasta) stand out as prominent deities specifically worshipped in South India, particularly in Kerala. This article explores the connection between these two and their relevance to the Ayyappa cult and rituals.
Deities in Context
Vishnumaya (Shasthappan): Vishnumaya, known as Shasthappan, is often identified as a deity associated with the worship of Ayyappa. Revered in various temples, particularly the Sabarimala temple, Vishnumaya is regarded as a guardian figure. In Ayyappa's mythology, Vishnumaya plays a significant role, not just in the context of worship but also in the rituals performed during his major pilgrimage season.
Ayyappa (Shasta): Ayyappa, often referred to as Shasta, is a popular deity in South Indian Hinduism, especially revered in Kerala. A well-known celibate god, Ayyappa is most celebrated for the Sabarimala pilgrimage. This annual pilgrimage is one of the largest in India, attracting millions of devotees each year.
Mythological Connection and Influence
The relationship between Vishnumaya and Ayyappa can be traced back to the Ayyappa cult, where Vishnumaya is often invoked during Ayyappa's rituals. In many ways, Vishnumaya is considered an integral part of Ayyappa's worship. Both deities embody qualities of protection, guidance, and the fulfillment of devotees' wishes. This connection is not merely a superficial association; it reflects a deep mythological bond.
Historical and Cultural Context
The term āstā holds significant importance in understanding the broader cultural and religious context of these deities. Originally derived from the Brahmanic tradition, āstā was used by Buddhist tantrics for their deities, including Avalokitevara and certain Tantric deities. With the decline of Buddhism, the term was adopted by those who practiced occult and esoteric rituals.
These deities, including Cāttan A, a Prakrit-Malayalam-Tamil word for āstā, were associated with commanding (āstā) forces. Over time, the title āstā evolved into a general term for "lord" when prefixed with honorifics like "Ayyan," "Ayyanappan," or "Ayyanār." Consequently, various communities began to worship their own gods as their Ayyappan or Cāttan.
Vishnumaya Cāttan
Vishnumaya Cāttan is a Sanskritized form of an ancient occult deity. By attributing Brahmanic āstā attributes to him, such as riding a horse (previously associated with Indra), this deity was elevated to a higher status. This transformation reflects the intertwining of different mythological traditions and the adaptation of deities to suit changing cultural and religious contexts.
Conclusion
The exploration of Vishnumaya and Ayyappa's relationship offers insights into the complex nature of divine figures in Hinduism, particularly in South India. The mythological and cultural connections between these deities underscore the intricate web of beliefs and practices that define the region's religious landscape. Understanding these connections not only enriches our knowledge but also enhances our appreciation of the rich cultural heritage of India.