The Journey of a Grapevine: Understanding Growth Cycles and Pruning Techniques
If you’re eager to harvest your own grapes, planting a grapevine is a rewarding project. However, the journey is not as simple as it might seem. Growing grapes involves several stages, from initial planting to grape production. Understanding these stages is crucial for successful grape cultivation.
From Baby Vines to Profuse Harvests
For those planting from baby vines purchased from a nursery, growth to significant grape production is a lengthy process. Typically, it takes about three years before a plant starts making grapes, and an additional five years for the vine to reach full maturity and yield a large amount of grapes.
Choosing the Right Vine
The purpose of growing grapes can vary, but if the goal is to produce grapes, let's explore the process in detail. The first step is to choose the right grapevine.
Where to Start
One common temptation is to take a cutting from an existing vine and root it. However, this method carries risks. Almost all non-native American grapevines are grafted onto American rootstock to combat Phylloxera and nematodes, which caused significant problems for the global wine industry in the late 1800s. Grafting ensures resistance to these threats. Therefore, purchasing a grafted vine from a garden center is safer for beginners.
Planting and Initial Growth
Even if you choose to grow from a seed, the roots may still be vulnerable to these pests. Almost all seeds come from grafted vines, meaning the genetic source is the top growth, which is susceptible. For simplicity and lower risk, it is best to purchase a growing vine from a reputable source. These vines will likely have been growing for a few years and are already grafted, allowing them to produce grapes within a year after planting.
Plant the vine and allow it to grow. Depending on the season, it may produce a small bunch of flowers in spring, followed by a bunch of grapes in summer/late summer. This early sign of grapes can confirm that you have a suitable vine.
Focusing on Growth and Form
After initial growth, focus on the vine's growth and form rather than fruit production. Pruning is essential for structuring the vine and encouraging it to grow onto a chosen trellising system.
Pruning Techniques
Vines without support will simply spread outwards and lie on the ground. To guide the vine's growth, ensure the main stem (trunk) gets some height before allowing it to spread. Additionally, keep the growth close to the main stem by pruning side shoots annually in winter to prevent them from growing too long. Proper trellis support can make this process easier.
Good luck with your grapevine and enjoy the fruits of your labor in grapes, wine, or shade!