The Enigmatic Life of Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Brother of Louis XIV

Philippe IV, Duke of Orléans, the youngest son of King Louis XIII of France, has long fascinated historians and scholars. Born on August 21, 1640, in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Philippe played a significant role in the French court as a prominent figure during the reign of his brother, King Louis XIV. His life, though marked by drama, politics, and personal turmoil, contributed significantly to French history.

Complex Relationships and a Flamboyant Personality

Philippe was known for his flamboyant personality and his profound interest in the arts and culture. He was the first Duke of Orléans, a title he inherited from his ancestors, and held various military and political positions throughout his life. Interestingly, his relationship with Louis XIV was complex; while they were close in their childhood, tensions arose due to Philippe's desire for autonomy and his unique lifestyle, which included his open homosexuality.

Political Motivations and Personal Struggles

Philippe's marriage to Henrietta of England was politically motivated, aimed at strengthening ties between France and England. However, his union with Henrietta was also marked by personal difficulties. After Henrietta's untimely death in 1670, Philippe was deeply affected, and rumors of foul play circulated, adding another layer of complexity to their relationship. His later years were marked by his role as regent for his nephew, Louis XV, following Louis XIV's death in 1715.

Legacy and Contributions

Philippe's legacy is multifaceted. He was a remarkable patron of the arts, devoting much of his life to supporting Molière, orgies of musical and dance courts, and art collections. He amassed over 500 paintings, which his son the Regent later used to form the most significant private collection in Europe. Philippe was also a shrewd businessman, amassing an enormous fortune through a combination of inherited properties and wise management of his investments.

Furthermore, Philippe played a significant role in establishing and codifying etiquette and protocol at the court of Versailles. His meticulous observation of protocol dictated manners of speech, dress, and titles of address, which became the standard of behavior at Versailles until the French Revolution. This aspect of his legacy demonstrates his importance in shaping the cultural and social norms of the French monarchy.

Final Days and Descendants

Philippe, born on August 21, 1640, died in his son's arms on June 9, 1701, from a stroke at the age of 60. His life, filled with both triumph and tragedy, left an indelible mark on French history and culture. His legacy continues through the Orléans family, which remains one of the wealthiest in Europe. Descendants of Philippe include several prominent figures, with the present head of the House of Orléans, the Comte de Paris, being one of three claimants to the throne of France today.