The 1893 Coup: The Role of US Businessmen and Lawyers in Overthrowing the Hawaiian Monarchy

Introduction

In the late 19th century, the United States was involved in a series of political upheavals in Hawaii, culminating in a key event known as the coup of 1893. This article explores the complex, often controversial, roles played by US businessmen and lawyers in this pivotal historical moment.

The Formation of the Annexation Club

In 1892, thirteen businessmen in Hawaii formed a group known as the 'Annexation Club.' The name was later changed to the 'Committee of Public Safety.' This change in appellation was strategic, as it portrayed the group in a more favorable light, suggesting a focus on public welfare rather than subversive intentions.

The Overtures to Overthrow the Hawaiian Monarchy

The Committee of Public Safety orchestrated a coup in 1893, toppling the Hawaiian monarchy and installing a provisional government. This action was not without covert backing; the United States Marine Corps provided the necessary clandestine support to ensure the success of the coup.

The Led by Lorrin Thurston and Sanford Dole

The primary leader of the Committee of Public Safety was Lorrin Thurston, a businessman and lawyer. Thurston's strategic maneuvering and legal acumen were instrumental in organizing and executing the successful coup. Following the overthrow of the monarchy, Thurston continued to advocate for American annexation of Hawaii. However, President Grover Cleveland, who succeeded the previous president, did not agree with the annexation.

As a result, Thurston and his allies took an alternative approach. In 1894, they officially proclaimed Hawaii as an independent republic. Sanford B. Dole, another businessman and lawyer, became the president of this republic.

The Challenges of Independence and US Annexation

Despite their declaration of independence, the leaders of the new republic did not abandon their plans for American annexation. They waited for a favorable opportunity, which presented itself during the Spanish-American War in 1898. Following the conflict, the US gained control of several Spanish colonies, including Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam. In this new context, the annexation of Hawaii became a strategic necessity for the US.

The US and Hawaii After the Coup

On August 12, 1898, Hawaii was formally annexed by the United States. However, the legal status of Hawaii remains a matter of contention. In 1959, Hawaii was admitted as the 50th state of the United States.

Apologetic Resolution

To acknowledge the lead role of the US in facilitating the annexation, the US Congress adopted an apology resolution in 1993, a hundred years after the 1893 coup. This resolution aimed to formally recognize the shortcomings in the legal process leading to the annexation and to make amends for past actions.

Conclusion

The 1893 coup was a critical moment in Hawaiian and US history, marked by the involvement of prominent US business leaders and lawyers. While the actions taken have been the subject of historical debate, it is clear that these actors played significant roles in shaping the political landscape of Hawaii. Today, some residents of Hawaii remain concerned about the legal and historical ramifications of this pivotal event.