The Turning Point at Gettysburg: Shelby Foote's Insight on Lee’s Decision at Pickett’s Charge
Shelby Foote, a renowned historian and author, believed that Confederate General Robert E. Lee was misled by his string of prior victories against significantly larger Union forces, leading him to make the fateful decision to order Pickett’s Charge on the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. Was Foote correct? Let us explore this pivotal moment in Civil War history.
Context of Confederate Victories Before Gettysburg
Confederate Successes: Prior to the Battle of Gettysburg, Lee had achieved several significant military victories. One notable example is the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863, where his forces, numbering around 26,000, defeated a Union force of about 30,000 despite being outnumbered and attacked from the flank. Similarly, in the Battle of Winchester, his force of 12,500 men was able to hold off a Union force of 10,000 men, demonstrating the superior capabilities of Confederate infantry and cavalry. These successes may have contributed to Lee’s confidence in the ability of his army to outmaneuver and outlast his Union counterparts.
Lee's Tactical Beliefs and Decision-making at Gettysburg
Lee’s Military Philosophy: Lee was known for his aggressive tactics and belief in the power of the offensive. Known as the “Lion of the Valley,” his leadership often relied on the initiative and courage of his soldiers. His previous victories, particularly at Chancellorsville, may have reinforced his belief that a well-coordinated, sustained assault could overcome numerical disadvantages and secure a win.
The Decision for Pickett's Charge: On July 3, 1863, Lee decided to launch a decisive assault against the center of the Union line at Cemetery Ridge. This decision was influenced by a myriad of strategic considerations. He aimed to break the Union lines and capitalize on the fatigue and potential weakening of the enemy after two days of intense fighting. However, Lee’s overconfidence and underestimation of Union defenses played a crucial role in the ultimate failure of the charge.
Aftermath and Reflection
The ramifications of this decision were severe. Pickett's Charge resulted in heavy Confederate casualties and is often considered a turning point in the Civil War. Historians argue that Lee’s overconfidence and underestimation of Union defenses contributed significantly to the failure of the charge. Shelby Foote’s perspective aligns with this view, suggesting that Lee’s previous victories may have misled him regarding the current situation at Gettysburg.
In summary, Shelby Foote's assertion that Lee was misled by his early victories is supported by historical analysis. Lee’s confidence, shaped by previous successes against larger Union forces, likely contributed to his decision to undertake Pickett’s Charge, highlighting how past experiences can influence critical military decisions.