Introduction

Stoicism and Epicureanism, two influential ancient Greek philosophies, continue to resonate in modern times. This article delves into the contemporary figures who have contributed to the revival and development of these schools of thought, exploring their contributions and the impact they have had on the ongoing discourse in philosophy.

Rediscovery of Stoicism

Stoicism's revival in the modern world can be traced back to Justus Lipsius (1547-1606), a key figure whose works, such as 'Digest of Stoic Philosophy' and 'Physics of the Stoics,' published in 1604, laid the groundwork for a renewed interest in the tradition. Lipsius' influence extended to notable philosophers like Thomas More, Hugo Grotius, and Thomas Hobbes, all of whom integrated Stoic principles into their work. While Lipsius may be less recognized today, his contributions to the modern Stoic revival are undeniable.

Lawrence Becker and Brian Johnson

In the contemporary era, two notable philosophers have made significant contributions to Stoic philosophy: Lawrence Becker and Brian Johnson. Becker's revised edition of 'A New Stoicism,' published in 2017, represents a fresh perspective on the ancient teachings. His work not only delves into existing Stoic theory but also advances new ideas, making a substantial contribution to the field. While Becker passed away in 2018, Brian Johnson's 'Role Ethics of Epictetus' (2016) offers a unique take on Epictetus' works, expanding on his teachings with novel insights. Johnson, however, does not adhere strictly to Stoicism, raising questions about whether to include him in the traditional lineage. Despite this, Johnson's work continues to influence contemporary discussions on Stoic ethics.

Progress and Influences

Whether we consider the past or the present, the revival and development of Stoicism and Epicureanism reflect broader trends in philosophical thought. For Stoicism, modern philosophers are pushing the boundaries of what was taught in antiquity, often building upon classical foundations while introducing innovative perspectives.

Modern Revival of Epicureanism

The resurgence of Epicureanism can be seen through the work of modern philosophers who focus on the practical and therapeutic aspects of the philosophy. Just as Stoicism has seen notable contributors like Becker and Johnson, Epicureanism has also witnessed significant contributions in recent years.

Cosmopolitan Philosophy in the Hellenistic Age

The Hellenistic period, spanning from around the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC to the rise of the Roman Empire, marked a pivotal shift in philosophical thought. This era saw the emergence of multiple philosophical schools, including Epicureanism and Stoicism, each with unique contributions to the field of philosophy.

The philosophy of the period was not just an intellectual exercise; it was a guide to life and a source of relief from suffering. The philosophers of the time, such as Epicurus, emphasized the practical relevance of philosophy, advocating for a life free from fear and anxiety. This approach resonated with the broader culture, leading to the widespread appeal of these philosophies.

Key Philosophers and Their Themes

Epicurus (341–270 BC)

Rationality and Hedonism: Epicurus sought a rational foundation for his philosophical views, emphasizing the importance of pleasure in achieving a tranquil, pain-free life. Unlike the Hedonism associated with Aristippus, Epicurus focused on a balanced and steady pursuit of pleasure over fleeting moments of indulgence. Skepticism: In line with the Sceptic tradition, Epicurus questioned and probed ethical ideas, suggesting that true knowledge could only be attained through continuous inquiry.

Zeno of Citium (c.333–262 BC)

Stoicism and Social Responsibility: Zeno, the founder of Stoicism, acquired a reputation for his rigorous and uncompromising intellectual approach. Stoicism, as embodied by Zeno, emphasized selflessness in the service of others, as well as the insignificance of worldly possessions and the importance of reason. Logos (Reason): The Stoics focused on reason as the guiding principle of the universe, advocating for a life in accordance with Nature, or Logos. Marcus Aurelius, a Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher, wrote extensively on the role of reason in guiding one's actions.

Conclusion

The revival of Stoicism and Epicureanism in the modern era reflects a continuing engagement with the philosophical challenges of life. While contemporary philosophers like Becker and Johnson continue to contribute to these traditions, the broader discourse on ancient and modern philosophy remains vibrant and dynamic. The therapeutic and practical aspects of these philosophies continue to resonate with people seeking guidance and solace in their quest for happiness and tranquility.