Is the Bach Concerto for Two Violins a Fugue?

The question of whether Johann Sebastian Bach's Concerto for Two Violins in D Minor, BWV 1043 is a strict fugue is a matter of ongoing discussion among musicians and music scholars. While the piece possesses characteristics of a fugue, such as itinerant themes and thematic development, it is not entirely accurate to categorize it as such.

What Makes It a Fugue?

A fugue, as a musical composition, is structured around interweaving thematic lines, typically known as subjects. When examining Bach's Concerto for Two Violins in D Minor, BWV 1043, we can observe several elements that bring it close to the concept of a fugue.

The piece begins with a complex and virtuosic interplay between the two lead violins, playing different thematic lines. This is reminiscent of a fugue's development section, where a theme is varied and developed. However, there are notable differences that prevent it from being a strict fugue.

The Role of Continuo

One significant distinction is the continuo part. In a fugue, typically the continuo is silent while the first voice introduces the theme. However, in Bach's Concerto for Two Violins, the continuo is active throughout the piece, albeit in a supporting role. This suggests a structure more akin to a conversation between multiple voices, rather than a single voice dominating, which is more characteristic of fugue form.

Ritornello Form

An important aspect to consider is the use of ritornello form. The ritornello is a recurring theme, often played by the full ensemble and then developed by individual soloists. Bach appreciated and incorporated ritornello form, which was popularized by Italian composers such as Antonio Vivaldi. The Concerto for Two Violins in D Minor is structured in this form, making it more akin to a concerto with a fugue-like quality.

Technical Terminology

The exact technical term for Bach's work in this form is a topic of debate. Music scholars and performers often refer to it as a "fugue-like" composition, a term that captures the essence of the work without the strict academic definition of a fugue. Some might argue it is a "fugato," a fugue-like section rather than a complete fugue. The connotative nature of the term "fugato" highlights the fugue-like qualities while acknowledging the piece's distinction from a definitive fugue structure.

Conclusion

In summary, while Bach's Concerto for Two Violins in D Minor, BWV 1043 possesses qualities that bring it close to a fugue, it does not meet the strict definition of a fugue. Instead, it is a work that combines elements of a concerto with fugue-like characteristics. This fusion is part of Bach's innovative approach to composition, blending different forms to create a rich and varied musical experience.