Did Early Modern Humans Have Any Predators?

Early modern humans were not exempt from the predation of other animals, including various fearsome creatures like tigers, cheetahs, leopards, bears, crocodiles, sharks, wolves, and hyenas. In addition, micro-organisms such as malaria, typhoid, and dengue also posed significant health threats.

Apex Predators and Early Humans

Humans were definitely a food source for apex predators like lions, tigers, and bears. Until technological advancements allowed early humans to counter these threats, they were vulnerable to being preyed upon by these large carnivores. The social structure of early modern humans likely made them harder targets, but they still occupied a place in the ecosystem's food chain.

The Evolution of Human Defense Mechanisms

As humans developed more sophisticated hunting techniques, better communication, and improved tools and weapons, the likelihood of a community member falling prey to a predator was significantly reduced. Communities that were adept at these tactics survived and reproduced, leaving a legacy of stronger, more predator-resistant groups. Conversely, lone individuals, transient humans, or small triads faced much higher risks and were less likely to survive in the wild, especially at night.

The Innate Fear Response: The Snake Module

One of the most significant evolutionary threats to early humans was the fear of snakes. Our brains have a dedicated neural network that primes us to fear snakes, even without direct experience or training. Chimpanzees also exhibit a similar innate fear of snakes. For example, despite never encountering a snake, a zoo-born chimpanzee could be inculcated with a fear of snakes after seeing a video of wild chimpanzees reacting to snakes.

This innate fear module is akin to language, which is an innate human trait but requires early exposure to develop properly. If a child does not hear language within the first 12 years, their ability to use it will be significantly diminished. Similarly, the snake fear module is automatically primed, ensuring that knowledge of and fear for snakes is passed down through generations.

In conclusion, early modern humans faced numerous threats from both non-human predators and micro-organisms. Their adaptive responses to these threats, such as improving hunting techniques and developing fear responses, ultimately contributed to their survival and success in early human history.